Diabetes is a term derived from the greek diabanein , which means go through, and identifies some diseases characterized by polyuria (copious production of urine) and polydipsia (abundant ingestion of water).
fact, there are two types of diabetes: #
Diabetes mellitus - the urine contains large amounts of sugars are part of it: *
type 1 diabetes in autoimmune
* type 2 diabetes, familial non-autoimmune
# Diabetes insipidus - is eliminated in the urine only water, but very few salts. The
diabete mellito è una malattia cronica caratterizzata dalla presenza di elevati livelli di glucosio nel sangue legata ad un'alterata funzione dell' insulina . Questo ormone, prodotto dal pancreas , determina l'ingresso del glucosio nelle cellule. L'alterazione di questo ormone nel diabete ha per conseguenza che il glucosio non può entrare nelle cellule e quindi si accumula nel sangue.
Si distinguono generalmente 3 forme di diabete: diabete tipo 1 o giovanile, diabete tipo 2 , più tipico dell'adulto, e diabete gestazionale caratterizzato da incremento della glicemia che si verifica per la prima volta durante la gravidanza.
In questo articolo sarà descritto il diabete tipo 1 .
fact, there are two types of diabetes: #
Diabetes mellitus - the urine contains large amounts of sugars are part of it: *
type 1 diabetes in autoimmune
* type 2 diabetes, familial non-autoimmune
# Diabetes insipidus - is eliminated in the urine only water, but very few salts. The
diabete mellito è una malattia cronica caratterizzata dalla presenza di elevati livelli di glucosio nel sangue legata ad un'alterata funzione dell' insulina . Questo ormone, prodotto dal pancreas , determina l'ingresso del glucosio nelle cellule. L'alterazione di questo ormone nel diabete ha per conseguenza che il glucosio non può entrare nelle cellule e quindi si accumula nel sangue.
Si distinguono generalmente 3 forme di diabete: diabete tipo 1 o giovanile, diabete tipo 2 , più tipico dell'adulto, e diabete gestazionale caratterizzato da incremento della glicemia che si verifica per la prima volta durante la gravidanza.
In questo articolo sarà descritto il diabete tipo 1 .
Il diabete tipo 1 interessa il 10% delle persone con diabete e insorge nell'infanzia e nell'adolescenza. Questa forma di diabete è dovuta a carenza di insulina.
L'insulina viene prodotta dalle cellule beta del pancreas, le cosiddette isole pancreatiche da cui il termine "insulina" per indicare l'ormone che qui viene appunto prodotto. Il diabete tipo 1 è causato dalla distruzione di queste cellule per cui il pancreas non produce più insulina e quindi è necessario che essa venga iniettata ogni giorno e per tutta la vita.
La causa del Type 1 diabetes is unknown. In these patients have been found antibodies against the cells of the pancreas that produce insulin.
For this reason, the type 1 diabetes is classified among the autoimmune diseases as a direction that is due to immune directed against the body itself.
type 1 diabetes usually occurs acutely, often in relation to a febrile episode, with thirst (polydipsia), increased amounts of urine (polyuria), tiredness (asthenia), weight loss, dry skin , increased frequency of infections.
To make the diagnosis of diabetes with the criteria that follow are:
- symptoms of diabetes (polyuria, polydipsia, weight loss) associated with a blood glucose value> = 200 mg / dl or
- fasting glucose> = 126 mg / dl or
- glucose > = 200 mg / fl curve during a cargo that is carried out by administering 75 g of glucose.
In type 1 diabetes, insulin deficiency leads to the appearance of fasting and postprandial hyperglycemia but also other important changes that affect the metabolism of fats and proteins.
E 'therefore required replacement insulin therapy to maintain a normal glycemic profile as possible. The
multiniettiva insulin therapy involves the administration of boluses of rapid-acting insulin with meals or super-fast and intermediate-acting insulin-slow.
Other routes of administration
For some years we are studying ways of insulin administration other than injection as the oral, nasal, sublingual, inhalation. The most promising seems to be inhalation. For the patient would be much easier to take insulin and then without having to perform several injections a day.
But there are some problems. You must use a dose 10 times greater then a higher cost and also the presence of problems breathing could alter the absorption of insulin. The
treatment of type 1 diabetes also has a well balanced diet with regular physical activity as weight control helps reduce blood sugar.
E 'that the patient must also learn to measure blood glucose frequently, somministrasi to insulin, but also to adjust the doses according to blood glucose, the carbohydrate content of meals, physical activity.
There is the possibility of a cure for type 1 diabetes?
I'm still studying some of the solutions currently not yet feasible. Examples are the artificial pancreas , but is still a bulky object that severely limits the patient's life, or pancreas transplant . There are many centers that practice, however, these patients must undergo immunosuppressive therapy to avoid rejection which predisposes the body to infections. So usually takes place in patients who also need another transplant such as kidney.
Another way might be the transplantation of only the cells that produce insulin, while one option would be offered by genetic engineering. That is, change the DNA of cells from the patient to obtain the production of insulin.
Also the study of test to prevent type 1 diabetes in order to stop or delay the destruction of pancreatic beta cells.
L'insulina viene prodotta dalle cellule beta del pancreas, le cosiddette isole pancreatiche da cui il termine "insulina" per indicare l'ormone che qui viene appunto prodotto. Il diabete tipo 1 è causato dalla distruzione di queste cellule per cui il pancreas non produce più insulina e quindi è necessario che essa venga iniettata ogni giorno e per tutta la vita.
La causa del Type 1 diabetes is unknown. In these patients have been found antibodies against the cells of the pancreas that produce insulin.
For this reason, the type 1 diabetes is classified among the autoimmune diseases as a direction that is due to immune directed against the body itself.
type 1 diabetes usually occurs acutely, often in relation to a febrile episode, with thirst (polydipsia), increased amounts of urine (polyuria), tiredness (asthenia), weight loss, dry skin , increased frequency of infections.
To make the diagnosis of diabetes with the criteria that follow are:
- symptoms of diabetes (polyuria, polydipsia, weight loss) associated with a blood glucose value> = 200 mg / dl or
- fasting glucose> = 126 mg / dl or
- glucose > = 200 mg / fl curve during a cargo that is carried out by administering 75 g of glucose.
In type 1 diabetes, insulin deficiency leads to the appearance of fasting and postprandial hyperglycemia but also other important changes that affect the metabolism of fats and proteins.
E 'therefore required replacement insulin therapy to maintain a normal glycemic profile as possible. The
multiniettiva insulin therapy involves the administration of boluses of rapid-acting insulin with meals or super-fast and intermediate-acting insulin-slow.
Other routes of administration
For some years we are studying ways of insulin administration other than injection as the oral, nasal, sublingual, inhalation. The most promising seems to be inhalation. For the patient would be much easier to take insulin and then without having to perform several injections a day.
But there are some problems. You must use a dose 10 times greater then a higher cost and also the presence of problems breathing could alter the absorption of insulin. The
treatment of type 1 diabetes also has a well balanced diet with regular physical activity as weight control helps reduce blood sugar.
E 'that the patient must also learn to measure blood glucose frequently, somministrasi to insulin, but also to adjust the doses according to blood glucose, the carbohydrate content of meals, physical activity.
There is the possibility of a cure for type 1 diabetes?
I'm still studying some of the solutions currently not yet feasible. Examples are the artificial pancreas , but is still a bulky object that severely limits the patient's life, or pancreas transplant . There are many centers that practice, however, these patients must undergo immunosuppressive therapy to avoid rejection which predisposes the body to infections. So usually takes place in patients who also need another transplant such as kidney.
Another way might be the transplantation of only the cells that produce insulin, while one option would be offered by genetic engineering. That is, change the DNA of cells from the patient to obtain the production of insulin.
Also the study of test to prevent type 1 diabetes in order to stop or delay the destruction of pancreatic beta cells.
