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In the previous post we discussed what is hypertension, and the distinction in and essential hypertension (when not identified a cause) and secondary arterial hypertension when that is the increase blood pressure is determined by a well-defined disease. Let
today 's secondary hypertension.
secondary hypertension should always be suspected in case of an outbreak at an early age and lack of familiarity or in the case of refractory hypertension medical therapy. In these cases you need to activate all the necessary investigations to determine the cause of hypertension.
The main causes of hypertension are distinct in renal, endocrine and vascular . It is also possible to have hypertension during pregnancy, after acute stress or the taking of drugs (oral contraceptives, nasal decongestants, cortisone, anti-inflammatory drugs, tricyclic antidepressants), alcohol or drugs.


Cause Renal Hypertension can be caused by diseases affecting the kidney and is referred to as hypertension nefroparenchimale . These diseases can be glomerulonephritis acute and chronic, polycystic kidney, diabetic nephropathy, hydronephrosis). Or by alterations affecting renal vessels ( renovascular hypertension) as renal artery stenosis and renal vasculitis.
L ' nefroparenchimale hypertension is linked to diseases that affect kidney function by configuring different pictures of renal failure may be mild in the initial phase to the full in an advanced stage, which forces the patient to periodic sessions of dialysis.
In these forms the kidney causes hypertension and hypertension exacerbates the renal damage, thus creating a vicious circle.
The treatment of this type of hypertension depends on several factors. In an elderly patient with advanced renal failure should be maintained above normal levels of blood pressure to protect other organs and to allow the patient himself in a better position to deal with dialysis.
In a young person with early renal damage, we will try to control the disease especially to slow the progression of the kidney.
L ' Renovascular hypertension is a potentially curable form of hypertension. E 'caused by a narrowing of one or both renal arteries. The main causes of renal artery stenosis are atherosclerosis (90%), usually in men over 50 years, smokers, and fibromuscular dysplasia that can be found in women between 15 and 50.
The diagnosis must be early because hypertension causes kidney damage resulting in worsening hypertension itself and then being able to get to kidney failure. Then becomes nefroparenchimale renovascular hypertension. In
suspicion of renovascular hypertension may require a ' renal ultrasound. A small kidney may be indicative of renovascular hypertension. Doppler can be useful but not always possible to see the renal arteries. There are also a number of highly specialized tests such as the dose of substances produced by the kidney, renal scintigraphy , MRA, CT , arteriography . The treatment of this form of hypertension can be done with medications or with surgical revascularization with angioplasty or percutaneous renal artery that is to introduce a balloon is inflated to dilate the renal artery itself.

forms related to endocrine disorders of the endocrine glands such as acromegaly (due to increased growth hormone), thyroid disorders or diseases of the adrenal glands (or hyperaldosteronism feocromocirtoma). In
' hyperaldosteronism adrenal glands produce greater amounts of aldosterone, which is a hormone that controls fluid balance. Aldosterone causes un aumento di riassorbimento del sodio a livello renale ed una aumento dell'assorbimento di acqua con aumento della massa ematica circolante e quindi ipertensione. In genere può essere sospettato se agli esami di laboratorio si riscontra una diminuzione di potassio ed un aumento di sodio.
Il feocromocitoma è tumore delle ghiandole surrenali. Tale tumore aumenta la produzione di adrenalina da parte delle ghiandole stesse. In genere si cerificano crisi ipertensive con tachicardia, sudorazione vampate di calore e tremori.
Quando non vi sono queste crisi la pressione arteriosa può anche essere normale.
Il trattamento di solito è chirurgico con asportazione del tumore.

La forma di ipertensione arteriosa vascolare more frequent and which ones are given by coarctation ie narrowing with obstruction to blood flow. Generally these are young patients who have headaches, neck pulse, murmurs. Feature is usually an increase in pressure in the arm while it is normal or low in the legs. In case of suspicion of coarctation of the aorta must make a Doppler, CT, MRI Magnat, Angiography. The treatment is surgical. In conclusion

we can say that in case of hypertension should always be excluded as possible causes. Only then can one speak of essential hypertension requiring only a tratamento with drugs. Usually enough semplici esami di laboratorio per escludere altre possibili patologie responsabili dell'ipertensione.
In presenza di un soggetto giovane con ipertensione è opportuno approfondire gli accertamenti poichè nella maggior parte dei casi i giovani possono essere affetti da forme di ipertensione secondaria.

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Hypertension (1)

Con il termine di ipertensione arteriosa si intende un aumento della pressione arteriosa che rappresenta la forza con cui circola il sangue.
Essa è legata alla spinta che il sangue riceve dal cuore. Si distingue una pressione massima o sistolica che è la pressione sanguigna nel momento della sistole cardiaca cioè quando il cuore spinge il sangue nelle arterie, and a minimum or diastolic pressure representing blood pressure when the cardiac diastole is when the heart fills with blood and not make a push.
Blood pressure tends to vary with age, during the day and can increase in cases of physical and emotional stress.

is generally considered a normal blood pressure values \u200b\u200bbelow 140/90. There is talk of mild hypertension for values \u200b\u200bbetween 140-159/90-99, of moderate hypertension with values \u200b\u200bbetween 160-179/100-109 and severe hypertension for values \u200b\u200bhigher than 180/110.
should also consider that the only increase in minimum pressure constitutes a framework of hypertension.
Even in the presence of the minimum values \u200b\u200bof between 85-110 it comes to light hypertension and severe when the minimum exceeds 110 mm Hg.

Hypertension is divided into two categories:
's essential hypertension el' secondary hypertension.

Qundo specific diseases are responsible for the increased pressure is talking about secondary hypertension. In all cases where it is not possible to identify the cause of hypertension it comes to essential hypertension.
secondary causes of hypertension will be addressed in a subsequent article. Generally

hypertension has no symptoms. In the case of high values \u200b\u200bcan occur, however, headache, ringing in the ears, dizziness, loss of blood from the nose.

It would be a good idea to check blood pressure regularly because hypertension could be inserted without the person has problems.

E 'should be considered in suspected high blood pressure that first one should be in suitable condition. The subject must be relaxed and calm. It would be useful to measure the pressure in sitting and standing and also perform at least three measurements after a few minutes of each other. It could also be utile misurare la pressione a livello di entrambe le braccia.
In caso di dubbio si può effettuare una misurazione continua della pressione arteriosa per 24-48 ore mediante apparacchi tascabili ( Holter pressorio ) che danno un'informazione precisa sull'andamento della pressione arteriosa nel corso della giornata e in associazione con le diverse attività dell'individuo.

Le complicanze dell'ipertensione arteriosa sono molto serie poichè può causare grave danni ad organi vitali: cuore, cervello, retina, reni, vasi arteriosi.
Il cuore può andare incontro ad ipertrofia cioè aumenta la massa cardiaca con aumento del rischio di ischemia. Si possono verificare alterazioni rhythm, chest pain (expressions transient reduction in blood flow to the heart) until you reach a state of heart failure. The changes in the brain
related to the movement of the brain damage that may occur with paintings such as acute stroke and a slow loss of some functions such as memory, attention, orientation, time-space. The retinal damage
ovuti are a progressive arteriolar narrowing with ischemic areas and progressive vision loss. On
kidney hypertension causes a progressive decrease in function up to kidney failure. A load of
arteries of a person with hypertension and atherosclerosis are determined over time microaneurysms.

Once established hypertension should also effettuara of laboratory tests to exclude secondary hypertension that is linked to other diseases.

Laboratory tests essential or recommended

• creatinine: all'azotemia preferable to assess renal function.
• potassium: hypokalemia that suggests the hypertension by mineralocorticoids (hormones that regulate fluid and electrolyte balance), and allows to evaluate the effects of diuretic therapy. Hyperkalaemia is a sign of kidney failure.
• Blood sugar: fasting (and possibly two hours after the meal) indicates the risk factor for diabetes.
• Cholesterol: hypercholesterolaemia indicates another important cardiovascular risk factor.
• Hemoglobin: anemia may indicate kidney failure.
• Hematocrit: suggests changes in plasma volume.
• Electrocardiogram criteria and overload left ventricular hypertrophy, left atrial hypertrophy, myocardial infarction and angina pectoris.
• radiograph of the thorax: cardiac outline, size of the aorta.

Excluding other possible causes is referred to as essential hypertension . The drugs used are from different classes that include:

• I diuretics that increase urine output and therefore reduce the liquid content in the vessels
• I acting beta-blockers freuenza decreasing the rate and force of contraction of the heart The calcium
• determining vasodilation
• The ACE inhibitors act on the mechanisms of renal regulation of blood pressure
• The alpha-blockers producing vasodilation

These generally are the drugs most commonly used. It begins with a single drug and if necessary, add more.
In combination with drug therapy can help a non-drug treatment that may be the only step necessary to normalize blood pressure in patients with mild hypertension (diastolic blood pressure repeatedly between 90 and 95 mmHg).

• Reduction of body weight in overweight subjects.
• diet modification: a reduction of salt diet rich in fish oil, increased ratio of dietary polyunsaturated fat / saturated.
• Abolition of alcohol and smoking.
• regular exercise.

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Protection of Women's Health Omega-3

The National Institute of Health has promoted the National Project on Gender Medicine with the aim of assessing which are the most frequent pathologies in woman and how to implement a prevention program. We carry

article Mirella Taranto Institute of Health

"The Project" Gender as Medicine for Public Health Strategic Objective: The Appropriateness of Care for the Protection of Women's Health " was established with the funds of the Targeted Research of the Ministry of Labour, Health and Welfare of 2.7 million euro. Integra biomedical knowledge on metabolic diseases (diabetes, atherosclerosis, etc.), on occupational medicine, on reazioni avverse ai farmaci, che sono più frequenti e gravi nella donna, con quelle sociali ed economiche per arrivare a programmi di prevenzione e a linee guida genere-mirate.

Partecipano al progetto tre Regioni, di cui due come capofila (Sardegna, Sicilia) e una unità della Regione Toscana, l’ISPESL-Roma, un’unità dell’Agenzia Servizi Sanitari Regionali, Roma; 2 IRCCS (Istituto Dermatologico San Gallicano-I.F.O. IRCCS-Roma, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana-Roma), un Consorzio Interuniversitario -INBB, 8 Università degli Studi (Cagliari, Firenze, Messina, Modena, Piemonte Orientale-Novara, Roma- La Sapienza, Roma Tor Vergata, Sassari).

Nello specifico, i settori di studio sono:

• Malattie metaboliche e salute della donna: studi patogenetici e approcci terapeutici innovativi (ISS- responsabile S. Vella)

• Ormoni sessuali come determinanti "di genere" nella risposta immune e nello sviluppo di malattie autoimmuni e metaboliche (istituto Dermatologico San Gallicano-I.F.O.- IRCCS-responsabile M. Picardo)

• Interferenti endocrini negli ambienti di lavoro e salute della donna (Ispesl-responsabile A. Pera)

• Malattie iatrogene e reazioni avverse ai farmaci (Regione Sicilia- responsible A. De Sarro)

• determinants of health of women, preventive medicine and quality of care (Sardinia-responsible Franconi F.)

Some data

Women live longer, but ill more and use more health services (the so-called "paradox of woman"). For example, according to ISTAT figures of 2007, 6% suffer from disabilities that affect their daily functioning (vision, hearing, movement) to 3% of men. of osteoporosis 9% of women suffer from just 1% of men with depression 7.4% against their male counterparts del 3%. Sono sottopeso sono il 5.8% delle donne contro lo 0.9% degli uomini.

In tema di fruizione dei servizi sanitari, sempre l’ISTAT attesta che il 18% delle donne contro il 14% degli uomini si sottopone a visite generiche; il 16% a visite specialistiche contro il 12.4% degli uomini e che ben il 50.7% delle donne consuma farmaci contro una percentuale maschile del 39.5%.

Il diabete mellito , malattia cronica che affligge il 5-6% della popolazione, colpisce nel nostro Paese soprattutto le donne anziane (oltre i 75 anni) del Mezzogiorno ( 5,2%), seguite da quelle del Centro (4,5%) e del Nord ( 3,9%). Questa malattia elimina purtroppo la protezione conferita alle donne rispetto the risk of cardiovascular disease and the effects of diabetes than men with diabetes die of cardiovascular disease (2.2 to 1.7 times for men). In recent years, moreover, there was a reduction of mortality in men but not in females. There are

autoimmune diseases that predominantly affect the female sex: in Italy, for example, 250,000 women suffering from rheumatoid arthritis in the bronchial asthma , in the age group 2-5 years, is more common in males (2:1 compared to females) to have an abrupt change in the trend after 20 years. This clearly shows that there are differences between the immune system of male and female. "

The following tables summarize the key differences that are found in both sexes about the diseases and treatments.

TABLE 1: Some Women Men Morbidity

Disability (confined to bed) 10.9% 5.6% Other

disability (daily functions, movement,
vision, hearing, speech) 6.1% 3.3%

multicronicità rates 17.2% 10.3%

Osteoarthritis / arthritis 21.8% 14.6% 9.2%

Osteoporosis 1,1%

Cefalea 10.5% 11,8%

Ipertensione arteriosa 15,4% 11,8%

Diabete 4,7% 4,3%

Depression and anxiety 7.4% 3.1%

-Alzheimer senile dementia 0.6% 0.3%


TABLE 2: Risk factors
Women Uomini
Soprappeso 26,6% 42,5%

Sottopeso 5,8% 0,9%

Fumo 16,3% 27.5%


TABLE 3: USE OF HEALTH SERVICES
Women Men
visits generated 18.2% 13.8%

Specialist visits 12.4% 16.1%

Views a pagamento 59,0% 54,9%

Accertamenti diagnostici 12,8% 10,8%

Consumo di farmaci 50,7% 39,5%

Ricoveri ospedalieri Non differente Not unlike

rehabilitation services 4.1% 3.1%

vaccination 18.8% 21.5%

We also carry excerpts of an article of Maria Grazia Modena and Annachiara Nuzzo (Institute of Cardiology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Azienda Policlinico, Modena), which shows an increase of cardiovascular disease in women and underestimation of the risk in women.

"is missing to date attention on the impact that gender differences have on the pathophysiology and, therefore, the treatment of the most common social diseases, including cardiovascular diseases
. For these reasons The worrying aspect is that, in our opinion, lead to meditation not only class but also the cardiac General Practitioner (GP) is
the growing number of reports in the literature concerning the general underestimation of ischemic heart disease (CI ) in women . Indeed, against this disease, attention is constantly carried out in a advanced stage, or treatment is less aggressive than that given to the patient man. According to recent estimates, CI kills more than 500,000 American women during one year, 41.3% of total deaths of women, a larger percentage than the deaths from cancer (Fig. 1). In Italy (Fig. 2), women who die each year due to cardiovascular disease is approximately 120,000.
Despite this evidence, it still tends to consider such a specific condition of the male sex. For many years, the study of coronary artery disease and its risk factors has affected mostly men, given the greater frequency of the disease in middle age, the
appearance at a younger age than in women and high lethality. Until the menopause
the frequency of the disease and levels of risk factors are lower than men, with age differences are reduced and the values \u200b\u200bare similar or become higher than those found in men. The substantial underestimation of the problem suggested the paradoxical observation that "perhaps the most important risk factor for ischemic heart disease in women is the misperception that heart disease is a disease of women."
"pathological studies show that, in humans, plaques on artery walls begin to appear around the age of 30 years, will increase proportionally to the level of serum cholesterol, blood pressure, obesity and the number of cigarettes smoked, and
reach the "critical" in a period can range from 40 to 70 years (natural history of CI in humans). In women, however, the fertile period (rich in estrogen) has extended the date of onset of the plates, then induced by the same risk factors, but the criticality is reached at the age of
65-80 years (15-20 years later than men). "
" However, there are some subtle differences regarding hypertension, diabetes, physical activity, HDL cholesterol (high density lipoprotein) and triglycerides, the perception of illness and psychosocial conditions. There are, of course, differ as to secure the event
menopause and its unique and peculiar antidote, estrogen replacement therapy. "
" As part of a proper primary prevention (desirable goal by GPs) is extremely important to recommend to women, especially postmenopausal, seriato control of blood pressure and, in case of detection of high blood pressure, repeated checks, change of lifestyle and pharmacological intervention targeted, although there are no uniform guidelines on this because there are many studies that have involved women. The
smoke is the leading cause of preventable death for women: more than 50% of myocardial infarctions were associated with tobacco use in the series by Kawachi et al. and the magnitude of excess risk, from 2 to 4 times higher, is similar in men and women, with a clear dose-response relationship, because even "small" smokers (1 to 4 cigarettes a day) have
a higher risk of developing coronary heart disease double compared with women who do not smoke.
Another important factor, which actually looks like a library or cluster of the most important risk factors, metabolic syndrome is . Main protagonist of this syndrome is insulin resistance, a condition characterized by the presence, in the same subject, some metabolic disorders, and in several epidemiological studies is associated with an increase of approximately three times the risk of developing cardiovascular events and about six times to develop diabetes. "

TABLE I
Posts lifestyle.

Cigarette smoking: all women should avoid cigarette smoke through rehabilitative programs or pharmacological smoking cessation defect (class I , level B).
•
Physical activity every woman should run a minimum of 30 minutes of moderate physical activity (brisk walking) per day (class I, level B). For women who need to reduce their body weight, moderate physical activity should be of 60-90 minutes per day (class I, level C).

• Rehabilitation after a recent hospitalization for coronary syndrome or cardiac surgery, a cerebrovascular event (class I, level A) or heart failure with ejection fraction (EF) < 40% (class I, level B), tutte le donne
need a period in a rehabilitation program.

• Diet: All women should eat a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, fiber and fish at least twice a week. The intake of saturated fats should be < 10% (se possibile < 7%), il colesterolo < 300 mg/die, il consumo di sale < 2,3 g/die, l’alcol limitato a non più di un drink al giorno (class I, level B).

• Body weight: every woman should maintain an appropriate body weight through the proper intake of calories, moderate physical activity in order to achieve a body mass index (BMI) between 18.5 and 24.9 (class I, level B). •

omega-3 fatty acids: added to the diet at doses of 850-1000 mg per day may be considered in women with heart disease the maximum dose of 2-4 g / day, for the treatment of hypertriglyceridemia (Class IIb, level B).

• Depression: assessing the presence of this disease in all women diagnosed with heart disease, and initiate a specific treatment (class IIA, level B). •

(Moscow et al. Mod..)

The article will focus primarily on the fact that cardiovascular risk also exists in women. Maybe in the past it was considered that women were somewhat more protected from these diseases. Differences exist, however, that the speech should be addressed to prevent the same way as for men.
The important message is that cardiovascular disease can be prevented in both women and men. So
awareness of cardiovascular risk and other diseases, as seen in Mirella Taranto, in women, as humans, can automatically be associated with important preventive measures. All to try to avoid in future, the growing trend of increased mortality from cardiovascular causes and incidence of other diseases among women worldwide.

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Headache

The headache is a painful disorder with head and is the most common pain syndrome ("headache").

The headaches are divided into primitive and secondary . In primary headaches there is no underlying disease.

The headaches are called secondary when in fact represent the manifestation of another problem. They can be: * Post-traumatic



* * Vascular Inflammatory Infectious

* * * From Tumor
intracranial hypertension
* From intracranial hypotension

analyze in greater detail the primitive forms .
This category may include headache, chronic paroxysmal headache, cluster headache, tension headache, migraine ophthalmoplegic.
These types of headaches are also called vasomotor because, in general the underlying mechanism is related to a vasodilation of major extracranial arteries (such as the temporal artery which runs in front of the ear).

L’ emicrania è un tipo di cefalea che colpisce una metà del cranio ed è caratterizzata da un intenso dolore pulsante. È ereditaria ed interessa prevalentemente le donne.
L’attacco emicranico può in alcuni casi essere preceduto da manifestazioni che costituiscono l’aura emicranica. Tali sintomi possono essere disturbi della vista o formicolii agli arti.
Nelle forme senza aura il dolore comincia senza preavviso.
L’attacco emicranico può avere una durata variabile da 3 a 70 ore a cui si associano sintomi cosiddetti vegetativi come nausea, vomito, fotofobia (il soggetto deve restare al buio poiché la luce accentua il dolore) e fastidio per i suoni.

Nell’ emicrania parossistica , anch’essa a prevalenza femminile, gli attacchi sono in genere di breve durata ma possono ripetersi più volte nel corso della giornata.

La cefalea a grappolo è estremamente dolorosa. Si manifesta a fasi. Periodi attivi (grappoli) si alternano a periodi di remissione. Da qui il termine di cefalea a grappolo.
Colpisce soprattutto gli uomini oltre i 40 anni ed è caratterizzata da dolore intenso, bruciante, localizzato nella zona orbitale con lacrimazione, sensibilità alla luce, congestione nasale. Il dolore viene definito come “una pugnalata nell’occhio”. Possono anche essere presenti sudorazione frontale, arrossamento. The subject of the attack can not sit still, wriggles. It can also occur at night causing the sudden awakening of the patient. While migraine
the subject finds some relief lying in bed in the dark, in cluster headaches often lying is impossible. The

tension headache is caused by the contraction of neck muscles and is generally associated with stress, tension or anxiety. The pain is continuous, not pulsating as migraine and may affect the whole head. It is often described as a helmet, shaking his head.

L ' ophthalmoplegic migraine is a rare form. Typically occurs una volta l'anno e può durare 3-4 giorni. Il dolore è pulsante e può colpire entrambi i lati della testa. Possono essere presenti nausea ed oftalmoplegia (cioè paralisi dei muscoli oculari con conseguente visione sdoppiata).

La diagnosi si basa essenzialmente sulle caratteristiche cliniche. In alcuni casi possono essere richiesti un Elettroencefalogramma (esistono infatti forme di emicrania-epilessia), una Risonanza Magnetica dell’encefalo (per escludere la presenza di lesioni tumorali o non) ed esami ematici per escludere forme infiammatorie come le arteriti.

In queste forme di cefalea cosiddette vasomotorie è in genere controindicata l’assunzione di farmaci antinfiammatori (aspirina, nimesulide, ibuprofen, etc.). relieve the pain because even if they have a tendency to become chronic headache.

Generally the principle of treatment of migraine is type estimate. That is, they prescribe medicines to take for a certain period of time (up to 6 months or more) with the gradual reduction of the intensity and frequency of seizures and can even get to the disappearance.

Patients who start preventive treatment should not take anti-inflammatory. During migraine attacks may be given medicines that contain a derivative of caffeine to be taken when the attack is about to begin.
In the case of cluster headache il soggetto può trovare giovamento con l’inalazione di ossigeno puro per 10-15 minuti.

I principali farmaci utilizzati nel trattamento preventivo sono i betabloccanti e l’ergotamina. Vi sono comunque anche altre classi di farmaci che si possono utilizzare a secondo del giudizio del neurologo.
Un aspetto fondamentale da tenere presente per liberarsi definitivamente da tale sofferenza è la precisa e corretta assunzione della terapia tenendo presente che il trattamento può durare anche mesi. Quindi occorre una forte determinazione e decisione.
Soprattutto nei primi tempi il soggetto può sentirsi scoraggiato perché, nonostante l’assunzione dei farmaci, gli attacchi continuano. Questo perché treatment works for a long time, gradually reducing the intensity and frequency of episodes. It must also be great endurance during painful crises resisting the temptation to take an anti-inflammatory.

follow precisely all the information you can finally break free from the problem. A large number of cases of migraine patients are now free.

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start an argument with food. The omega-3.
I think all of you have heard of these substances, but probably not many people know what they are actually
The omega-3 essential fatty acids are polyunsaturated.
This is the definition. Let's see various aspects.
All organic substances, that enter into the constitution of our bodies are made up of atoms of carbon (C), hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O) in different proportions between them.
fatty acids consist of long chains of carbon atoms with an overall structure of this type-CCCCCCC-. The carbon atoms are linked atoms of hydrogen and oxygen.
The hyphen between the carbon atoms indicates the type of bond between the atoms themselves. The bond may be single or double as in this case-CC = CC = CC-
When there are these double bonds of unsaturated fatty acid is spoken. Polyunsaturated fatty acids are more double bonds. So the

omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids because they are made up of long chains of carbon atoms and are more double bonds.
The term omega-3 is related to the fact that the first double bond is located on the third carbon atom start counting from the last (omega).
Because these fatty acids are important? Why are essential that is essential for the proper functioning of our body and why it can not be synthesized from it, so we have to introduce them with food.
Omega-3 are present in different types of fish and vegetable oil.
Exactly what is their importance?
A study on Greenland Eskimos showed a low incidence of cardiovascular disease, probably due to the high consumption of fish.
The omega-3 perform different functions, including protective action against these diseases because they contribute to "clean up" the arteries. Let's talk a moment
cholesterol. Cholesterol is a lipid molecule that plays important functions. It 'must, however, that the levels of cholesterol in the blood are to some extent because an excess predisposes to cardiovascular disease.
More than the total amount of cholesterol is important to monitor the various fractions. We can distinguish two major forms (there are others): HDL cholesterol (good) cholesterol and LDL (bad). The normal value nel sangue è considerato intorno ai 200 però è meglio avere un colesterolo a 240 con un buon livello di HDL che un colesterolo a 200 con un basso livello di HDL.
Ora vi spiego. Le LDL trasportano i lipidi nel sangue e li depositano negli organi e anche nelle pareti arteriose. L'eccesso a questo livello può provocare delle placche che possono alla fine ostruire un'arteria e quindi causare un infarto. Le HDL invece prelevano i lipidi dalle pareti arteriose e li trasportano al fegato. Quindi le "puliscono".
E' stato dimostrato che una corretta introduzione alimentare di omega-3 tende a mantenere un buon livello delle HDL che hanno una funzione ptotettiva.
Quindi è importante aumentare il consumo di pesce ad almeno 2-3 volte la settimana.
Come abbiamo detto gli omega-3 sono acidi grassi polinsaturi mentre i grassi di origine animale sono saturi. Anche i grassi e gli oli vegetali che vengono aggiunti ai prodotti industriali contengono molti grassi saturi. Infatti possono essere costituiti da composti ottenuti da olio di palma o di cocco che contengono una grossa quantità di grassi saturi.
E' calcolato che l'introduzione di acidi grassi saturi non deve superare il 10%.
C'è anche un'altra sostanza che può contribuire ad aumentare il colesterolo buono (HDL): il vino, in particolare il vino rosso.
E qui si aprirà certamente una diatriba. Consiglio il vino? Un eccesso di alcool può infatti proteggere le arterie but it destroys the liver.
But my personal opinion, a glass of wine a day I do not think that causes some kind of damage. Indeed it may also have a small protective effect. However, do not try to reduce cholesterol with wine.
So whereas at least 10% of saturated fatty acids and that we must introduce a glass of wine of good quality can have a protective effect from time to time concediamoci also the pleasure of a good steak with some excellent wine vintage.
I expect the storm to my words. In the meantime I wish you good appetite.