In the previous post we discussed what is hypertension, and the distinction in and essential hypertension (when not identified a cause) and secondary arterial hypertension when that is the increase blood pressure is determined by a well-defined disease. Let
today 's secondary hypertension.
secondary hypertension should always be suspected in case of an outbreak at an early age and lack of familiarity or in the case of refractory hypertension medical therapy. In these cases you need to activate all the necessary investigations to determine the cause of hypertension.
The main causes of hypertension are distinct in renal, endocrine and vascular . It is also possible to have hypertension during pregnancy, after acute stress or the taking of drugs (oral contraceptives, nasal decongestants, cortisone, anti-inflammatory drugs, tricyclic antidepressants), alcohol or drugs.
Cause Renal Hypertension can be caused by diseases affecting the kidney and is referred to as hypertension nefroparenchimale . These diseases can be glomerulonephritis acute and chronic, polycystic kidney, diabetic nephropathy, hydronephrosis). Or by alterations affecting renal vessels ( renovascular hypertension) as renal artery stenosis and renal vasculitis.
L ' nefroparenchimale hypertension is linked to diseases that affect kidney function by configuring different pictures of renal failure may be mild in the initial phase to the full in an advanced stage, which forces the patient to periodic sessions of dialysis.
In these forms the kidney causes hypertension and hypertension exacerbates the renal damage, thus creating a vicious circle.
The treatment of this type of hypertension depends on several factors. In an elderly patient with advanced renal failure should be maintained above normal levels of blood pressure to protect other organs and to allow the patient himself in a better position to deal with dialysis.
In a young person with early renal damage, we will try to control the disease especially to slow the progression of the kidney.
L ' Renovascular hypertension is a potentially curable form of hypertension. E 'caused by a narrowing of one or both renal arteries. The main causes of renal artery stenosis are atherosclerosis (90%), usually in men over 50 years, smokers, and fibromuscular dysplasia that can be found in women between 15 and 50.
The diagnosis must be early because hypertension causes kidney damage resulting in worsening hypertension itself and then being able to get to kidney failure. Then becomes nefroparenchimale renovascular hypertension. In
suspicion of renovascular hypertension may require a ' renal ultrasound. A small kidney may be indicative of renovascular hypertension. Doppler can be useful but not always possible to see the renal arteries. There are also a number of highly specialized tests such as the dose of substances produced by the kidney, renal scintigraphy , MRA, CT , arteriography . The treatment of this form of hypertension can be done with medications or with surgical revascularization with angioplasty or percutaneous renal artery that is to introduce a balloon is inflated to dilate the renal artery itself.
forms related to endocrine disorders of the endocrine glands such as acromegaly (due to increased growth hormone), thyroid disorders or diseases of the adrenal glands (or hyperaldosteronism feocromocirtoma). In
' hyperaldosteronism adrenal glands produce greater amounts of aldosterone, which is a hormone that controls fluid balance. Aldosterone causes un aumento di riassorbimento del sodio a livello renale ed una aumento dell'assorbimento di acqua con aumento della massa ematica circolante e quindi ipertensione. In genere può essere sospettato se agli esami di laboratorio si riscontra una diminuzione di potassio ed un aumento di sodio.
Il feocromocitoma è tumore delle ghiandole surrenali. Tale tumore aumenta la produzione di adrenalina da parte delle ghiandole stesse. In genere si cerificano crisi ipertensive con tachicardia, sudorazione vampate di calore e tremori.
Quando non vi sono queste crisi la pressione arteriosa può anche essere normale.
Il trattamento di solito è chirurgico con asportazione del tumore.
La forma di ipertensione arteriosa vascolare more frequent and which ones are given by coarctation ie narrowing with obstruction to blood flow. Generally these are young patients who have headaches, neck pulse, murmurs. Feature is usually an increase in pressure in the arm while it is normal or low in the legs. In case of suspicion of coarctation of the aorta must make a Doppler, CT, MRI Magnat, Angiography. The treatment is surgical. In conclusion
we can say that in case of hypertension should always be excluded as possible causes. Only then can one speak of essential hypertension requiring only a tratamento with drugs. Usually enough semplici esami di laboratorio per escludere altre possibili patologie responsabili dell'ipertensione.
In presenza di un soggetto giovane con ipertensione è opportuno approfondire gli accertamenti poichè nella maggior parte dei casi i giovani possono essere affetti da forme di ipertensione secondaria.
today 's secondary hypertension.
secondary hypertension should always be suspected in case of an outbreak at an early age and lack of familiarity or in the case of refractory hypertension medical therapy. In these cases you need to activate all the necessary investigations to determine the cause of hypertension.
The main causes of hypertension are distinct in renal, endocrine and vascular . It is also possible to have hypertension during pregnancy, after acute stress or the taking of drugs (oral contraceptives, nasal decongestants, cortisone, anti-inflammatory drugs, tricyclic antidepressants), alcohol or drugs.
Cause Renal Hypertension can be caused by diseases affecting the kidney and is referred to as hypertension nefroparenchimale . These diseases can be glomerulonephritis acute and chronic, polycystic kidney, diabetic nephropathy, hydronephrosis). Or by alterations affecting renal vessels ( renovascular hypertension) as renal artery stenosis and renal vasculitis.
L ' nefroparenchimale hypertension is linked to diseases that affect kidney function by configuring different pictures of renal failure may be mild in the initial phase to the full in an advanced stage, which forces the patient to periodic sessions of dialysis.
In these forms the kidney causes hypertension and hypertension exacerbates the renal damage, thus creating a vicious circle.
The treatment of this type of hypertension depends on several factors. In an elderly patient with advanced renal failure should be maintained above normal levels of blood pressure to protect other organs and to allow the patient himself in a better position to deal with dialysis.
In a young person with early renal damage, we will try to control the disease especially to slow the progression of the kidney.
L ' Renovascular hypertension is a potentially curable form of hypertension. E 'caused by a narrowing of one or both renal arteries. The main causes of renal artery stenosis are atherosclerosis (90%), usually in men over 50 years, smokers, and fibromuscular dysplasia that can be found in women between 15 and 50.
The diagnosis must be early because hypertension causes kidney damage resulting in worsening hypertension itself and then being able to get to kidney failure. Then becomes nefroparenchimale renovascular hypertension. In
suspicion of renovascular hypertension may require a ' renal ultrasound. A small kidney may be indicative of renovascular hypertension. Doppler can be useful but not always possible to see the renal arteries. There are also a number of highly specialized tests such as the dose of substances produced by the kidney, renal scintigraphy , MRA, CT , arteriography . The treatment of this form of hypertension can be done with medications or with surgical revascularization with angioplasty or percutaneous renal artery that is to introduce a balloon is inflated to dilate the renal artery itself.
forms related to endocrine disorders of the endocrine glands such as acromegaly (due to increased growth hormone), thyroid disorders or diseases of the adrenal glands (or hyperaldosteronism feocromocirtoma). In
' hyperaldosteronism adrenal glands produce greater amounts of aldosterone, which is a hormone that controls fluid balance. Aldosterone causes un aumento di riassorbimento del sodio a livello renale ed una aumento dell'assorbimento di acqua con aumento della massa ematica circolante e quindi ipertensione. In genere può essere sospettato se agli esami di laboratorio si riscontra una diminuzione di potassio ed un aumento di sodio.
Il feocromocitoma è tumore delle ghiandole surrenali. Tale tumore aumenta la produzione di adrenalina da parte delle ghiandole stesse. In genere si cerificano crisi ipertensive con tachicardia, sudorazione vampate di calore e tremori.
Quando non vi sono queste crisi la pressione arteriosa può anche essere normale.
Il trattamento di solito è chirurgico con asportazione del tumore.
La forma di ipertensione arteriosa vascolare more frequent and which ones are given by coarctation ie narrowing with obstruction to blood flow. Generally these are young patients who have headaches, neck pulse, murmurs. Feature is usually an increase in pressure in the arm while it is normal or low in the legs. In case of suspicion of coarctation of the aorta must make a Doppler, CT, MRI Magnat, Angiography. The treatment is surgical. In conclusion
we can say that in case of hypertension should always be excluded as possible causes. Only then can one speak of essential hypertension requiring only a tratamento with drugs. Usually enough semplici esami di laboratorio per escludere altre possibili patologie responsabili dell'ipertensione.
In presenza di un soggetto giovane con ipertensione è opportuno approfondire gli accertamenti poichè nella maggior parte dei casi i giovani possono essere affetti da forme di ipertensione secondaria.